Shahrood University of Technology Journal of AI and Data Mining 2322-5211 Articles in Press 2026 06 06 BCOFF: A Blockchain-Based Framework with Consensus Protocol to Enhance Efficiency and Ensure Integrity in Fog Computing Offloading 3798 10.22044/jadm.2026.16548.2777 EN Somayyeh Jafarali Jassbi Department of Computer Engineering, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Sajjad Daliri Department of Computer Engineering, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 27 The rapid growth of the Internet‑of‑Things (IoT) imposes significant challenges on task offloading in fog environments, including service latency, resource constraints, and trust management. Fog computing mitigates these limitations by moving computation and storage closer to end devices. This paper presents BCOFF (Blockchain‑based Computation Offloading Framework for Fog), a secure and efficient framework that jointly optimizes resource allocation and enables verifiable task offloading. In BCOFF, resource allocation is performed using the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm, while blockchain provides a tamper-resistant execution record. Specifically, the blockchain serves three purposes: (i) recording offloading decisions and cryptographic hashes of task results to support post‑execution auditability, (ii) validating the integrity of returned results by matching them with the on‑chain hash reference, and (iii) coordinating consensus among fog nodes through a lightweight Validator‑Selection Proof‑of‑Stake (VNPoS) mechanism. VNPoS is a simplified adaptation of the Nominated Proof‑of‑Stake (NPoS) model that selects validators using stake‑based nomination with variance‑aware stake normalization. By avoiding computationally intensive cryptographic puzzles, VNPoS significantly reduces consensus overhead and is therefore suitable for resource‑constrained fog environments. Experimental evaluation using the iFogSim simulator with workloads of 800–1500 tasks shows that BCOFF reduces execution time by 15–27%, lowers host‑selection latency by 22–25%, and decreases energy consumption by 5–9% compared with existing approaches. These results demonstrate that integrating GWO‑based scheduling with the VNPoS blockchain mechanism provides a more efficient and verifiable fog-offloading framework.