Shahrood University of Technology Journal of AI and Data Mining 2322-5211 Articles in Press 2026 02 10 Skeleton-Based Sign Language Generation Using a Transformer-based Generative Model 3723 10.22044/jadm.2025.16369.2759 EN Rozhin Mohammadizand Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran Razieh Rastgoo Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran Journal Article 2025 06 07 Sign language is a structured, non-vocal form of communication primarily used by individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing, who often face challenges interacting with non-signers. To address this, translation systems between sign and spoken language are essential, encompassing sign language recognition and production. In this work, we focus on sign language production and propose a deep learning framework for generating skeleton-based video representations of sign language at the word level. Our approach employs a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN) with transformer embeddings in both generator and discriminator, augmented with bone-length and joint-angle constraints and a classifier-guided loss to ensure anatomically plausible and semantically consistent gestures. We further introduce a novel loss function to improve human keypoint generation for sign representation. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches according to statistical (MMD) and perceptual (FID) metrics, while qualitative analyses confirm that the generated gestures are temporally smooth, anatomically accurate, and semantically meaningful. These results highlight the effectiveness of our model in advancing word-level sign language synthesis. https://jad.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_3723_5254dffd32aab5b973535bcbd43eee44.pdf